Punjab States Gazetteers. Phulkian States. Patiala Jind and Nabha. With Maps. 1904

The slope of the main block of the State is from north-east to soutwest and in the rainy season the surface drainage of the country near Ripar enters the State near Sirhind and flows through the Fatehgarh Bhawinigarh and Sunim tahsfls and spreads over the country about Jakhepal and Dharmgarh. [...] [ PART A. The Patiala State may be divided for geological purposes into (t) the Patiila Siwiiliks (2) the outliers of the Arivallf system in the Mohindargarh xisiimat and (3) the plains portion a the State wtst of the Jumna valley and south of the Sutlej. [...] The third is the zone of the sub-Himitlayi+s composed entirely of tertiary and principally of upper tertiary deposits which forms the margin of the hills towards the Indo-Gangetic plain and has so intimate a connection with and so important a bearing on the history of the elevtion of the Himalayas that it will require a more detailed notice here than the others. [...] The passage from the Dagshai to the Kasaulf group is perfectly transitional : indeed the distinction of the two merely depends on the absence of the bright red nodular clays of the Dagshill group. [...] When the new province of the Punjab was founded in 1849 the Board of Administration took over control of the Cis-Sutlej States and when a Lieutenant-Governor was appointed for the Punjab the Commissioner of the Ambala Division who had taken the place of the Cis-Sutlej Commissioner became the intermediary between the States and the Punjab Government.