The Calcutta Review March 1951

The Bhattas the Vigistilvaitins and others hold that the continuity or the universality of a universal is grasped by means of the 'process of abstraction. [...] MathurEinätha Tarkavfigiga makes an improvement upon the concept of induction of Gangesa and holds that the contact of the sense-organ with the relation of concomitance holding between two universals accompanied by the absence of the definite knowledge of the contrary instance which proves a discrepancy generates the perception of the above concomitance as an invariable one (vyabbicarajranaviraha [...] The knowledge of this absence is the requisite coudition of an induction but not the experience of a number of instances. [...] The solution of this problem may be put in modern language thus :—Valid knowledge is the ratio cognoscendi of the existence of real objects but the existence of real objects is the ratio essendi of valid knowledge.' In the order of existence the objects are first but in the order of knowledge valid knowledge precedes and the existence of objects follows from it. [...] The genesis of the orientalist and anglicist controversy which emerges in the thirties of the 19th century in clear relief may be traced to the last quarter of the 18 century.