The excuse for undertaking the work was the oppotunity afforded to the writer of studying the ecology of the district during the two years (1933-35) occupied in prparing the working plans for the Saranda and Kolhan forest divisions. [...] The eastern drainage system comprises the east of Porahat estate a portion of the Kolhan division and the greker part of Chaibassa forest division which is situated in the more open part of the district. [...] The chief rivers are the Bijai the Sanjai the Kharkai and the Roro which ultimately join the Subarnareka in the east of the district. [...] In the more hilly and better wooded parts of the district the heat is to a great extent mitigated and on the whole the hot weather is not excessively severe although in the open country away from the forest the heat is often intense and night temperatures are appreciably higher. [...] It is desirable to touch briefly on a few of the local customs in order to get some idea of the state of the forests at the time of their reservation in 1883 and in order to appreciate the condtions precedent to the present state of the vegetation.
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