The Criminal Law Journal of India. Journal. February 28 1907

Controversies concerning capital and labour finance and trade were generally disposed of in the merchants' courts of the incorporated towns cr.- in the Jewry or Exchequer of the Jews down to a period long subsequent to Glanvill while the litigation both civil and criminal which now goes to the police court then went to the courts of the manors. [...] The issue between the monks and the Crown was in substance the ownership of the conventual estates of England which was the largest mass of property in the kingdom. [...] 53 judges thereupon resolved them that whosoever denied the supremacy denied it maliciously and the expressing of the word maliciously in the act was a void limit and restraint of the construction of the words and intention of the offence. [...] Nevertheless the introduction of the fury far from lessening the avantages of the martial aristocracy possibly increased them for in the first place the benefit of the clergy came in with the jury and the benefit of the clergy meant practical immunity for all persons of standing and oplence ; and in the second apart from the benefit of the clergy the jury itself was a singularly perfe [...] A century before the Vernon trials in 1415 Parliament fomally.protested to Henry V that their rights were violated because thei-r picas were decided in the Star Chamber upon the oath and examination of the parties according to the form of civil law and the law of the Holy Church in subversion of the common law.